Homework: No reading from Behind The Beautiful Forevers 1) Keep working on finding your research topic. 2) Read pp 1-7 from the original Iris Marion Young Five Faces of Oppression article available at the link below:
Five Faces of Oppression (full original article)
Paraphrase Assignment
Five Faces of Oppression (full original article)
Paraphrase Assignment
provided by Ms. Gutierrez
AP: Language of Rhetoric and Composition
Social Justice
From Ballenger:
“…paraphrase is the academic equivalent of this therapeutic method for
getting people to listen to each other. Try to say in your own words—and in
about the same length as the author said it—what you understand the author to
mean. This is hard, at first, because instead of just mindlessly quoting—a
favorite alternative for many students—you have to think. Paraphrasing demands
that you make your own sense of something. The time is well worth it.
Why? Because not only are you lowering the risk of unintentional plagiarism
and being fair to the source’s ideas, you are essentially writing a fragment of
your draft (125)”.
Read the excerpt from Young and
then rewrite the passage in your own words in roughly the same length—a paraphrase. Try to focus on
what Young is saying and then replicate her idea with your own words. Be sure
you use correct parenthetical documentation for paraphrase.
“New
left social movements of the 1960’s and 1970’s, however, shifted the meaning of
oppression. In this new usage,
oppression designates the disadvantage and injustice some people suffer not
because a tyrannical power coerces them, but because of the everyday practices
of a well-intentioned liberal society. In this new left usage, the tyranny of a
ruling group over another, as in South Africa, must certainly be called
oppressive. But oppression also refers to systemic constraints on groups that
are not necessarily the result of the intentions of a tyrant. Oppression in
this sense is structural rather than the result of personal choices of, or
policies put forward by, individuals. Its causes are embedded in unquestioned
norms, habits, and symbols in the assumptions underlying institutional rules
and the collective consequences of following those rules” (Young 2).
Your
paraphrase here: (don’t worry, will go over this as a group later)
New social movements of
the 1960’s and 1970’s redefined the meaning of the word “oppression”. The new
meaning was not limited to practices that were obviously cruel and unfair
(e.g., Jim Crow laws), but it was now expanded to include everyday,
unintentionally unfair practices that were embedded into the very fabric of
generally well-meaning societies. Of course, the term oppression still included
obvious examples of one group tyrannically ruling over another, as seen, for
example, in the South African system of Apartheid or American slavery in the 17th,
18th, and 19th centuries; but oppression also came to be
used to describe largely unintentional but harmful systemic factors in the
culture, economy, politics, and educational systems. Again, the causes of this
form of oppression are not typically the result of intentional discrimination
by the majority group, so much as they are the result of the majority’s
adherence (sometimes out of simple habit) to economic, cultural, educational,
etc, beliefs and practices which essentially contribute to keeping the
oppressed group from having an equal chance to succeed. In short, these
unconscious habits and practices of the dominant group (e.g., middle and upper
class whites) result in an unlevel playing field.
Now, select one exact quote that
you believe might be worthy of extraction and weave this quotation into a
sentence of your own. Further, analyze and explain your quotation and its
significance…extend/elaborate your quotation. Be sure you use correct
parenthetical documentation for your citation.
As Iris Young points out,
some forms of oppression are largely unintentional, yet they still result in an
unfair system which benefits some members of society (majority groups) more
than others (minority groups). Young reports that beginning in the 1960s and
1970s oppression came to be understood as long-term suffering that was not only
the result of intentional cruelty and unfairness on the part of the majority,
but also suffering or unfairness that might be perpetuated by “well-intentioned
liberal societies” (5). Young further
elaborates that this type of oppression is due to “the systemic constraints on
groups that are not necessarily the result of the intentions of a tyrant” (5). Educational inequalities in Illinois are a
prime example of this, as an educational system funded almost entirely by local
property taxes means that minority groups which predominate in impoverished
communities and neighborhood will continue to get subpar educational
opportunities. Though most people in more affluent areas (still primarily white
in 2015) do not intend that this inequality should exist, existing habits and
laws combined with individuals’ concerns about how changes might affect their
community schools and their personal financial situation play a role in
maintaining an imbalanced educational system: superior educational
opportunities for the haves and
not-so-good opportunities for the have-nots. This is essentially another example of the
rich get richer while the poorer get poorer. And as the divide between rich and
poor grows in this country as the middle class shrinks, we should all be
concerned because democracy and peace probably can not be maintained in a
country with such economic disparity. Either the majority must become
absolutely tyrannical, or the proles will indeed rise up. So besides an
altruistic urge to create a society where everyone gets a fair shake, we have
more practical reasons to change habits and rules which help maintain permanent
underclass-status for so many of our citizens.
Now it’s your turn again. Read the
excerpt from Young and then rewrite the passage in your own words in roughly
the same length—a paraphrase. Try to focus on what Young is saying and
then replicate her idea with your own words. Be sure you use correct
parenthetical documentation for paraphrase.
“Marginalization
is perhaps the most dangerous form of oppression. Via marginalization a whole
category of people is expelled from useful participation in social life and
thus potentially subjected to severe material deprivation and even
extermination. The material deprivation marginalization often causes is
certainly unjust, especially in a society where others have plenty. Contemporary advanced capitalist societies
have in principle acknowledged the injustice of material deprivation caused by
marginalization and have taken some steps to address it by providing welfare
payments and services. The continuance of this welfare sate is by no means
assured, and in most welfare state societies, especially in the United States,
welfare redistributions do not eliminate large-scale suffering and deprivation”
(Young 8).
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Select one exact quote that you
believe might be worthy of extraction and weave this quotation into a sentence
of your own.
Further, analyze and explain your quotation and its
significance…extend/elaborate your quotation. Be sure you use correct
parenthetical documentation for your citation.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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